Notes

  1. Harris Interactive. The American Public’s Views of and Support for Trauma Systems – A Congressional Briefing: Survey Conducted for The Coalition for American Trauma Care. March 2, 2005. Available at: http://www.facs.org/trauma/traumasystems.html. Accessed July 24, 2008.
  2. Institute of Medicine. The Future of Emergency Care in the U.S. Health System. Institute of Medicine. Washington DC: National Academy Press; June 2006.
  3. Pitts SR, Niska RW, Xu J, Burt CW. National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 2006 Emergency Department Summary. National Health Statistics Reports, No. 7. Hyattsville, MD.  National Center for Health Statistics. August 6, 2008.
  4. Roberts DC, McKay MP, Shaffer A. Increasing rates of emergency department visits for elderly patients in the United States, 1993 to 2003. Annals of Emergency Medicine. June 2008;51(6):769–774. E-published December 5, 2007.
  5. Institute of Medicine. Hospital-Based Emergency Care: At the Breaking Point. Institute of Medicine. Washington DC: National Academy Press; June 2006.
  6. American College of Emergency Physicians. ACEP Poll on the Critical Issues Facing Emergency Patients. Conducted August 29-September 19, 2007.
  7. Chalfin DB, Trzeciak S, Likourezos A, Baumann BM, Dellinger RP, DELAY-ED study group. Impact of delayed transfer of critically ill patients from the emergency department to the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 35:6, 1477-83 (2007)
  8. Schneider S et. Al.  Study of 277 elderly patients seeking care in an emergency department in Rochester, New York, between August 1 and August 31, 2007.  International Conference on Emergency Medicine in San Francisco. April 3-6, 2008.
  9. Pines JM , Hollander JE. Emergency department crowding is associated with poor care for patients with severe pain , Annals of Emergency Medicine 03. January 2008 (Vol. 51, Issue 1, Pages 1-5)
  10. Pines JM, Hollander JE, Localio AR, Metlay JP. The association between emergency department crowding and hospital performance on antibiotic timing for pneumonia and percutaneous intervention for myocardial infarction. Acad Emerg Med 2006 Aug;13(8):873-8.
  11. Schull MJ, Vermeulen M, Slaughter G, Morrison L, Daly P. Emergency department crowding and thrombolysis delays in acute myocardial infarction. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 2004 Dec;44(6):577-85.
  12. Richardson DB, Increase in patient mortality at 10 days associated with emergency department overcrowding. Med J Aust 184:5, 213-6. 2006
  13. Wilper AP, Woolhander S, Lasser KE, McCorick E, Cutrona SL, Bor DH, Himmelstein DU. Waits to see an emergency department physician: US trends and predictors, 1997-2004. Health Affairs. 2008; 27(2):w84-w95.
  14. Press Ganey Associates, Inc. The Emergency Department Pulse Report: Patient Perspectives on American Health Care. South Bend, IN: Press Ganey Associates, Inc.; 2007.
  15. Institute of Medicine. Emergency Medical Services: At the Crossroads. Institute of Medicine. Washington DC: National Academy Press; June 2006.
  16. Kohn LT, Corrigan JM, Donaldson MS, eds. To Err Is Human: Building a Safer Health System. Institute of Medicine. Washington DC: National Academy Press; 1999.
  17. Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation.  Addressing the New Health Care Crisis: Reforming the Medical Litigation System to Improve the Quality of Health Care. Washington, DC. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. March 3, 2003.
  18. Based on analyses of Medical Liability Monitor, Rate Survey Issue.  October 2007, 32 (10): 38pp.
  19. O’Malley AS, Draper DA, Felland LD.  Hospital Emergency On-Call Coverage: Is There a Doctor in the House?  Center for Studying Health System Change, Issue Brief No. 115, November 2007.
  20. American College of Emergency Physicians. On Call Specialist Coverage in US Emergency Departments, Irving, TX. April 2006.
  21. National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL). State Medical Malpractice Tort Reform: 2007 Introduced Legislation. Washington, DC: NCSL; 2008.
  22. Burt CW, McCaig LF, Rechtsteiner EA. Ambulatory Medical Care Utilization Estimates for 2005. Advance Data from Vital and Health Statistics, 2007; no. 388. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics.
  23. Mokdad AH, Marks JS, Stroup DF, Gerberding JL. Actual causes of death in the United States, 2000. JAMA. 2004;291:1238–1245.
  24. As part of the data-gathering activities for this Report Card, the American College of Emergency Physicians chapters in each state were asked to identify their list of top five priority concerns.
  25. American College of Emergency Physicians. On Call Specialist Coverage in US Emergency Departments, Irving, TX. April 2006.
  26. Sentinel Event Alert, No. 26, The Joint Commission (June 17, 2002). http://www.jointcommission.org/SentinelEvents/SentinelEventAlert/sea_26.htm
  27. Based on analyses of AMA PHYSICIAN PROFESSIONAL DATA © 2008, by the American Medical Association.
  28. Burt CW, McCaig LF, Valverde RH. Analysis of ambulance transports and diversions among US emergency departments. Annals of Emergency Med 2006;47:317-26.
  29. Based on analyses of the American Hospital Association, AHA Annual Survey, FY 2006.
  30. Based on analyses of U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Geospatial Data Warehouse, Health Professional Shortage Area (HPSA) data.
  31. Commonwealth Fund Commission on a High Performance Health System. Why Not the Best? Results from the National Scorecard on U.S. Health System Performance, 2008. New York: The Commonwealth Fund; July 2008.
  32. Anderson GF, Hussey PS, Frogner BK, Waters HR. Health spending in the United States and the rest of the industrialized world. Health Affairs. 2005;24(4):903–914
  33. Waters TM, Budetti PP, Claxton G, Lundy JP. Impact of state tort reforms on physician malpractice payments. Health Affairs. March–April 2007;26(2):500–509.
  34. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Maternal and Child Health Bureau. Child Health USA 2006. Rockville, MD: HHS; 2006.
  35. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Immunization Program. National Immunization Survey, Jan – Dec 2006.
  36. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion.  Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2006. [online] April 2007.
  37. Center for Catastrophe Preparedness and Response NYU. 2005. Emergency Medical Services: The Forgotten First Responder—A Report on the Critical Gaps in Organization and Deficits in Resources for America’s Medical First Responders. New York: Center for Catastrophe Preparedness and Response, New York University.
  38. General Accounting Office. 2003. Hospital Preparedness: Most Urban Hospitals Have Emergency Plans but Lack Certain Capacities for Bioterrorism Response. Washington, DC: GAO.
  39. Rural Healthy People 2010. Healthy People 2010: A Companion Document for Rural Areas. Available at: http://www.srph.tamshsc.edu/centers/rhp2010/. Accessed July 24, 2008.
  40. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). 2007 National Healthcare Disparities Report. Rockville, MD: AHRQ; February 2008. AHRQ Pub. No. 08-0041.